Water resources in the Middle East are barely enough to cope with
human demand, and their scarcity is a matter of discussion in many
conclaves. However, it must be clarified that Lebanon has a rugged
topography that sets it apart from the surrounding regions. Its
small area of 10,452 km2 is characterised by a mountainous terrain
marked by several valley systems. Two mountain chains (Mount
Lebanon to the west and Anti-Lebanon to the east) extend parallel
to the Mediterranean Sea, and are separated by the Bekaa Plain,
which comprises a relatively wide depression. Hence, Lebanon has
many sources of surface water including rivers, springs, snowfalls
and lakes; besides, many aquiferous rock formations and karstic
conduits exist where groundwater can accumulate via seeping.
However, complaints concerning the lack of understanding about the
imbalanced water supply/demand in Lebanon are often a matter of
debate, and the water budget is also not well-formulated yet. Added
to the matter of water shortage and deterioration in quality
thereof, challenges for water resources have only exacerbated.
Thus, there are parallel paths stemming from both natural and human
driving forces leading to increasing water stress. Climate change,
pollution, over-exploitation and the mismanagement of
trans-boundary water resources are amongst the geo-environmental
problems that affect these resources. In particular, shared water
is one of the major water problems in Lebanon. To put this issue
into perspective, more than 74% of Lebanons border is shared with
neighbouring countries, which makes the surface and groundwater
intermingle with neighbouring regions; thus, no volumetric measures
are known. Two shared rivers exist between Lebanon and its
neighbours: one with Syria in the north, and the other with the
Palestinian Territory (PT) in the south. In addition, the three
major aquiferous rock formations of Lebanon are interrelated with
neighbouring regions. To date, there is no credible study to assess
and allocate the shared water resources. Consequently,
geo-political conflicts frequently arise due to the obscure nature
of the hydrologic conditions. In addition, the absence of treaties
and agreements is another reason affecting water sharing, which
constitutes the principal cause of water loss. This is totally
governed by the unstable political situation in the region. This
book aims to highlight the principles of Lebanons water resources
with new numeric measures. It will also reveal the major elements
of the striking challenges. Thus, the fundamental hydrologic
aspects of shared water resources in Lebanon, including
quantitative measures and the spatial extent of these resources
will be illustrated.
General
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