Most sociologists of religion describe a general decline in
religious faith and practice in Europe over the last two centuries.
The secularizing forces of the Enlightenment, science,
industrialization, the influence of Freud and Marx, and
urbanization are all felt to have diminished the power of the
churches and demystified the human condition. In Andrew Greeley's
view, such overarching theories and frameworks do not begin to
accommodate a wide variety of contrasting and contrary social
phenomena. "Religion at the End of the Second Millenium," engages
the complexities of contemporary Europe to present a nuanced
picture of religious faith rising, declining, or remaining
stable.
While challenging the secularization model, Greeley's approach
is not polemical. He examines belief in God and in life after
death, belief in superstition and magic, convictions about the
relations between church and state, attitudes toward religion and
science, and the effect of religion on the everyday lives of
people. Drawing upon statistical and empirical data spanning twenty
years, Greeley shows that while religion has increased in some
countries (most notably the former communist countries and
especially Russia) in others it has declined (Britain, the
Netherlands, and France). In some countries it is relatively
unchanged (primarily the traditional Catholic countries), and in
still others (some of the social democratic countries) it has both
declined and increased. In terms of individuals, Greeley finds that
religion becomes more important to people as they age. He observes
that surveys showing less religion among the young ignore the
possibility that the age correlation is a life cycle matter and not
a sign of social change.
Patently, religion in Europe changed enormously between the end
of the first millenium and the end of the second. In Greeley's
judgment, the change has been an improvement, not because
superstition has been eliminated (it has not), but because freedom
to exercise religious belief has replaced compulsion.
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