Technologies that electronically mediate conversation, such as
text-based chat or desktop video conferencing, draw on theories of
human human interaction to make predictions about the effects of
design decisions. This lecture reviews the theory that has been
most influential in this area: Clark's theory of language use. The
key concept in Clark's theory is that of common ground. Language is
viewed as a collaborative activity that uses existing common ground
to develop further common ground and, hence, to communicate
efficiently. The theory (a) defines different kinds of common
ground, (b) formalizes the notion of collaborative activity as a
"joint action," and (c) describes the processes by which common
ground is developed through joint action. Chapter 1 explains why a
purely cognitive model of communication is not enough and what is
meant by the phrase "collaborative activity." Chapter 2 introduces
the idea of common ground and how it is used in language through an
example of two people conversing over a video link. Chapter 3
indicates where the interested reader can find out about the
antecedents to Clark's theory. Chapter 4 sets out the fundamental
concepts in Clark's theory. Chapter 5 uses five published case
studies of electronically mediated communication to illustrate the
value of the theory. These include studies of a computer-supported
meeting room (Cognoter), a video tunnel that supports gaze
awareness, video conferencing in medical consultation, and text
chat. Table of Contents: Motivation - Conversation as a
Collaborative Activity / Overview - Developing Common Ground, An
Example / Scientific Foundations / The Theory in More Detail / Case
Studies - Applying the Theory to Electronically Mediated
Communication / Current Status
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