Beyond the Arab Cold War brings the Yemen Civil War, 1962-68, to
the forefront of modern Middle East History. During the 1960s, in
the wake of a coup against Imam Muhammad al-Badr and the formation
of the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR), Yemen was transformed into an
arena of global conflict. Believing al-Badr to be dead, Egypt, the
Soviet Union, and most countries recognized the YAR. But when
al-Badr unexpectedly turned up alive, Saudi Arabia and Britain
offered support to the deposed Imam, drawing Yemen into an
internationally-sponsored civil war. Throughout six years of major
conflict, Yemen sat at the crossroads of regional and international
conflict as dozens of countries, international organizations, and
individuals intervened in the local South Arabian civil war. Yemen
was a showcase for a new era of UN and Red Cross peacekeeping,
clandestine activity, Egyptian counterinsurgency, and one of the
first largescale uses of poison gas since WWI. Events in Yemen were
not dominated by a single power, nor were they sole products of
US-Soviet or Saudi-Egyptian Arab Cold War rivalry. Britain, Canada,
Israel, the UN, the US, and the USSR joined Egypt and Saudi Arabia
in assuming varying roles in fighting, mediating, and supplying the
belligerent forces. Despite Cold War tensions, Americans and
Soviets appeared on the same side of the Yemeni conflict and acted
mutually to confine Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser to the
borders of South Arabia. The end of the Yemen Civil War marked the
end of both Nasser's Arab Nationalist colonial expansion and the
British Empire in the Middle East, two of the most dominant
regional forces. This internationalized conflict was a pivotal
event in Middle East history, overseeing the formation of a modern
Yemeni state, the fall of Egyptian and British regional influence,
another Arab-Israeli war, Saudi dominance of the Arabian Peninsula,
and shifting power alliances in the Middle East that continue to
lie at the core of modern-day conflicts in South Arabia.
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