Maurice Duverger is arguably the most distinguished French
political scientist of the last century, but his major impact has,
strangely enough, been largely in the English-speaking world. His
book, Political Parties, first translated into English in 1954, has
been very influential in both the party politics literature (which
continues to make use of his typology of party organization) and in
the electoral systems literature. His chief contributions there
deal with what have come to be called in his honor Duverger's Law
and Duverger's Hypothesis. The first argues that countries with
plurality-based electoral methods will tend to become two-party
systems; the second argues that countries using proportional
representation (PR) methods will tend to become multi-party
systems. Duverger also identifies specific mechanisms that will
produce these effects, conventionally referred to as "mechanical
effects," and "psychological effects." However, while Duverger's
Hypothesis concerning the link between PR and multipartism is now
widely accepted; the empirical evidence that plurality voting
results in two-party systems is remarkably weak-with the U.S. the
most notable exception.
The chapters in this volume consider national-level evidence for
the operation of Duverger's law in the world's largest,
longest-lived and most successful democracies of Britain, Canada,
India and the United States. One set of papers involves looking at
the overall evidence for Duverger's Law in these countries; the
other set deals with evidence for the mechanical and incentive
effects predicted by Duverger. The result is an incisive analysis
of electoral and party dynamics.
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