Landmark court cases in the history of formal U.S. relations with
Indian tribes are "Corn Tassel, Standing Bear, Crow Dog, "and" Lone
Wolf. "Each exemplifies a problem or a process as the United States
defined and codified its politics toward Indians. The importance of
the "Lone Wolf" case of 1903 resides in its enunciation of the
"plenary power" doctrine--that the United States could unilaterally
act in violation of its own treaties and that Congress could
dispose of land recognized by treaty as belonging to individual
tribes.
In 1892 the Kiowas and related Comanche and Plains Apache groups
were pressured into agreeing to divide their land into allotments
under the terms of the Dawes Act of 1887. Lone Wolf, a Kiowa band
leader, sued to halt the land division, citing the treaties signed
with the United States immediately after the Civil War. In 1902 the
case reached the Supreme Court, which found that Congress could
overturn the treaties through the doctrine of plenary power.
As he recounts the "Lone Wolf" case, Clark reaches beyond the legal
decision to describe the Kiowa tribe itself and its struggles to
cope with Euro-American pressure on its society, attitudes,
culture, economic system, and land base. The story of the case
therefore also becomes the history of the tribe in the late
nineteenth century.
The "Lone Wolf" case also necessarily becomes a study of the Dawes
Allotment Act of 1887 in operation; under the terms of the Dawes
Act and successor legislation, almost two-thirds of Indian lands
passed out of their hands within a generation. Understanding how
this happened in the case of the Kiowa permits a nuanced view of
the well-intentioned but ultimatelydisastrous allotment
effort.
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