Oxidative stress, which is caused by endogenous and exogenous
reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) formation, may significantly affect
health-span and longevity. Endogenous oxidative stress could be
attenuated in two ways: by the reduction of ROS formation and by
quenching ROS with antioxidants. Numerous results of clinical
trials in which individuals received one or more synthetic
antioxidants failed to demonstrate conclusive benefits of
antioxidant supplementation. Even oral supplementation with
endogenous antioxidant enzymes cannot alter the antioxidant balance
due to their degradation in the digestive system. Likewise,
life-span or health-span is not increased significantly in
genetically modified models overexpressing antioxidant enzymes. An
alternative approach to attenuate the ROS-induced stress/damage may
be through triggering an adaptive stress response in order to
increase the endogenous antioxidant and damage repair processes.
Moderate stress induced by CR, physical activity or mimetic
compounds may induce such activation of endogenous antioxidative
defence and cellular repair processes. These processes may increase
cellular resistance to subsequent more severe stress and do not
seem to interfere with ROS-dependent cellular signalling.
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