Elaborately conceived, grandly constructed insane
asylumsOCoranging in appearance from classical temples to Gothic
castlesOCowere once a common sight looming on the outskirts of
American towns and cities. Many of these buildings were razed long
ago, and those that remain stand as grim reminders of an often
cruel system. For much of the nineteenth century, however, these
asylums epitomized the widely held belief among doctors and social
reformers that insanity was a curable disease and that
environmentOCoarchitecture in particularOCowas the most effective
means of treatment.
a
In "The Architecture of Madness, " Carla Yanni tells a
compelling story of therapeutic design, from AmericaOCOs earliest
purposeOCobuilt institutions for the insane to the asylum
construction frenzy in the second half of the century. At the
center of YanniOCOs inquiry is Dr. Thomas Kirkbride, a
Pennsylvania-born Quaker, who in the 1840s devised a novel way to
house the mentally diseased that emphasized segregation by severity
of illness, ease of treatment and surveillance, and ventilation.
After the Civil War, American architects designed Kirkbride-plan
hospitals across the country.
a
Before the end of the century, interest in the Kirkbride plan
had begun to decline. Many of the asylums had deteriorated into
human warehouses, strengthening arguments against the monolithic
structures advocated by Kirkbride. At the same time, the medical
profession began embracing a more neurological approach to mental
disease that considered architecture as largely irrelevant to its
treatment.
a
Generously illustrated, "The Architecture of Madness" is a fresh
and original look at the American medical establishmentOCOs
century-long preoccupation with therapeutic architecture as a way
to cure social ills.
a
Carla Yanni is associate professor of art history at Rutgers
University and the author of "NatureOCOs Museums: Victorian Science
and the Architecture of Display.""
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