Cognitive deficits are a common consequence of neurological
disease, and there is evidence that specific cognitive training may
be effective in rehabilitation. Behavioural dysfunction following
neurological disease constitutes one of the major causes of
disability worldwide, exerts a major impact on the daily life of
affected individuals, and their families, also with a financial
burden both for patients, and the society in general. Therefore,
the adequate treatment of cognitive dysfunction is a much relevant
issue, with social and economical implications, over and above the
neuropsychological problem per se. Several investigations emphasise
the fact that interacting with neural activity, by means of
cortical stimulation, can affect cognitive performance. A number of
studies have reported enhanced performance in specific cognitive
tasks in patients with several types of neurological disease, after
receiving Non Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) to specific
cortical areas, namely: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and
transcranial Electrical Stimulation. In general, the evidence
highlights the possibility of inducing changes in cortical
excitability, which, in turn, may lead to a plastic reorganization
of dysfunctional networks, responsible for the impaired cognitive
functions. Despite these advances, a number of important questions
remain open, regarding the use of stimulation techniques in
cognitive rehabilitation. This special issue puts together
international leading experts in the field, to review and discuss
recent advances as to whether NIBS techniques alone, or combined
with behavioural cognitive rehabilitation, can lead to performance
enhancements, and why. The issue is timely and promises to have a
huge impact across many domains of clinical and basic neuroscience.
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