The Jews of France have been liberated for over two centuries;
they have been considered free citizens and equal to their
compatriots. What purpose, then, does it serve to study their
citizenship today? Until World War II, French Jews called
themselves "Israelites;" they were deeply patriotic and had found a
place for themselves in France's "community of citizens." However
outbursts of anti-Semitism during that period reminded them that
their new status prevented neither hate nor rejection; they had to
persevere in the struggle for citizenship equity.
France has not been spared from recent movements demanding
recognition of particular identities in the public space. Ethnicity
in French political life has become increasingly obvious, in spite
of the constant assertion of "republican values." Questions about
immigration, nationality, and integration are constantly in the
forefront of public life. Though, in France, the existence of
ethnic and religious communities is not legally recognized, certain
groups are designated as separate, often creating conflicts among
them.
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