The US Army's experience with detainee operations spans the period
from the Revolutionary War to the present. More to the point, over
the past 60 years a body of international law and military
regulations, the joint and Army doctrine derived from it, and two
centuries of practical experience have emerged that inform current
detainee operations in the Global War on Terrorism. The 2004
revelations of detainee maltreatment at the Abu Ghraib prison
outside of Baghdad, Iraq have led to an exhaustive overhaul of Army
doctrine and training with respect to this topic. The Army has
identified disconnects in its individual, leader, and collective
training programs, and has also identified the absence of a
deliberate, focused doctrinal crosswalk between the two principal
branches concerned with detainees, Military Intelligence (MI) and
Military Police (MP). These problems and their consequences are
real and immediate. The perceptions of just treatment held by
citizens of our nation and, to a great extent the world at large,
have been and are being shaped by the actions of the US Army, both
in the commission of detainee maltreatment but also, and more
importantly, in the way the Army addresses its institutional
shortcomings. James Gebhardt's study, The Road to Abu Ghraib: US
Army Detainee Doctrine and Experience, captures the salient
doctrinal issues of this critical aspect of the Army's battlespace.
Indeed, this work, in DRAFT form, has already informed the
evolution of detainee doctrine in the MP and MI schoolhouses, as
well as Combat Training Center practical exercises. A solid
understanding of our past experiences will aid those soldiers
charged with executing this important mission today and in the
future, and this study represents a valuable contribution to the
effort. When the Global War on Terrorism began in late 2001, few
Americans had ever heard of the Geneva Conventions. Now type
"Geneva Convention" into any Internet search engine and you can
easily find all four Geneva Conventions and read them in the
comfort of your home in three languages. Our armed forces, though,
have a long history of dealing with Geneva Conventions that began
with implementing the Convention of 1929 during World War II and
then led to the Conventions of 1949 a year before the beginning of
the Korean War. The US Army, in particular, has a long history of
dealing with the International Committee of the Red Cross, the
Geneva-based non-governmental organization that is the "promoter
and enforcer," if one can use that phrase, of the Geneva
Conventions. This study examines the relationship over time between
doctrine in two branches of the Army-Military Police (MP) and
Military Intelligence (MI)-and the Geneva Convention Relative to
the Treatment of Prisoners of War (GPW). Specifically, it analyzes
the MP detention field manual series and the MI interrogation field
manual series to evaluate their GPW content. It also further
examines the relationship of military police and military
intelligence to each other in the enemy prisoner-of-war (EPW) and
detainee operations environment, as expressed in their doctrinal
manuals. Finally, the study looks at the Army's experience in
detainee operations through the prism of six conflicts or
contingency operations: the Korean War, Vietnam, Operation URGENT
FURY (Grenada, 1983), Operation JUST CAUSE (Panama, 1989),
Operation DESERT STORM (Iraq, 1991), and Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY
(Haiti, 1994).
General
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