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Reforming Juvenile Justice - A Developmental Approach (Paperback)
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Reforming Juvenile Justice - A Developmental Approach (Paperback)
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Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development
between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased
experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term
consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social
influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an
integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation
from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and
novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex,
and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive
functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most
youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond
adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity.
Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the
normal developmental process of identity formation and most
adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of
significant changes in brain structure and function during
adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies
characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological
immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing
brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one
involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in
socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature
capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that
influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more
rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This
knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important
differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on
the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts
about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile
justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in
this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a
committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal
of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to
review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and
draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice
reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring
in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in
carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in
supporting scientifically based reform efforts.
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