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Delegating Rights Protection - The Rise of Bills of Rights in the Westminster World (Hardcover, New)
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Delegating Rights Protection - The Rise of Bills of Rights in the Westminster World (Hardcover, New)
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Delegating Rights Protection explores bill-of-rights outcomes in
four "Westminster" countries - Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and
the United Kingdom - whose development exhibit an interesting
combination of both commonality and difference. Comparative
analysis of some thirty-six democracies demonstrates that the
historic absence of a bill of rights in Westminster countries is
best explained by, firstly, the absence of a clear political
transition and, secondly, their strong British constitutional
heritage. Detailed chapters then explore recent and much more
diversified developments. In all the countries, postmaterialist
socio-economic change has resulted in a growing emphasis on legal
formalization, codified civil liberties, and social equality.
Pressure for a bill of rights has therefore increased.
Nevertheless, by enhancing judicial power, bills of rights conflict
with the prima facie positional interests of the political elite.
Given this, change in this area has also required a political
trigger which provides an immediate rationale for change. Alongside
social forces, the nature of this trigger determines the strength
and substance of the bill of rights enacted. The statutory Canadian
Bill of Rights Act (1960), New Zealand Bill of Rights Act (1990),
and the Human Rights Act (UK) (1998) were prompted politically by a
relatively weak and backward-looking 'aversive' reaction against
perceived abuses of power under the previous administration.
Meanwhile, the fully constitutional Canadian Charter (1982) had its
political origins in a stronger, more self-interested and
prospective need to find a new unifying institution to counter the
destabilizing, centripetal power of the Quebecois nationalist
movement. Finally, the absence of any relevant political trigger
explains the failure of national bill of rights initiatives in
Australia. The conclusionary section of the book argues that this
Postmaterialist Trigger Thesis (PTT) explanation of change can also
explain the origins of bills of rights in other internally stable,
advanced democracies, notably the Israeli Basic Laws on human
rights (1992).
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