Crime and violence soared in twenty-first-century Venezuela even as
poverty and inequality decreased, contradicting the conventional
wisdom that these are the underlying causes of violence. The
Paradox of Violence in Venezuela explains the rise of violence
under both Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro - leftist presidents
who made considerable investment in social programs and political
inclusion. Contributors argue that violence arose not from the
frustration of inequality, or the needs created by poverty, but
rather from the interrelated factors of a particular type of
revolutionary governance, extraordinary oil revenues, a reliance on
militarized policing, and the persistence of concentrated
disadvantage. These factors led to dramatic but unequal economic
growth, massive institutional and social change, and dysfunctional
criminal justice policies that destabilized illicit markets and
social networks, leading to an increase in violent conflict
resolution. The Paradox of Violence in Venezuela reorients thinking
about violence and its relationship to poverty, inequality, and the
state.
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