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CHAPTER III. OF OUR AFFECTIONS. Section I. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. I.
What Principles included under this Head.] Under this title are
comprehended all those active principles whose direct and ultimate
object is the communication either of enjoyment or of suffering to
any of our fellow-creatures. According to this definition, which
has been adopted by some eminent writers, and among others by Dr.
Reid, resentment, revenge, hatred, belong to the class of our
affections, as well as gratitude or pity. Hence a distinction of
the affections into benevolent and malevolent. I shall afterwards
mention some considerations which lead me to think that the
distinction requires some limitations in the statement. Our
benevolent affections are various, and it would not perhaps be easy
to enumerate them completely. II. Part. I. Chap iv., and Whewell's
Elements of Morality, Book I. Chap. ii. On the desire of property,
consult Lieber's Political Ethies, Book II. Chap. ii, and
Illustrations of the Passions, Vol. I. Chap. v. Also the
phrenologists, and particularly Gall. On the other hand, the author
of the article Dtsir in the Dictionnaire des Sciences PhilosolMqnes
reduces them to three, curiosity, ambition, and sympathy. This
writer observes: ? " The mind always knows, more or less, that
which it desires; reason illuminates what sensibility pursues.
Male- branche gave the saying of the poct. Jgnoti nulla cupido,
under a philosophical form of expression, when he defined desire to
be ' the idea of a good which a man possesses not, but hopes to
possess.' Desire is distinguished by this from the blind tendency
which urges every being towards its end, whether it knows it or
not. It is a spontaneous movement of nature transformed by
intelligence, and constitutes, therefore, a phenomenon...
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