Africa and the African Diaspora is the outcome of a symposium held
at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon (February 2002),
entitled "Symposium on Freedom in Black History," designed to
celebrate Black History Month. The major themes of the conference
were how Africans both at home on the continent and dispersed
abroad, often by forces beyond their control, reacted to oppression
and subjugation in seeking freedom from slavery, colonialism, and
discrimination. The volume documents the many forms that oppression
has taken, the many forms that resistance has taken, and the
cultural developments that have allowed Africans to adapt to the
new and changing economic, social and environmental conditions to
win back their freedom. Oppressive strategies as divide-and-rule
could be based on any one of a number of features, such as skin
color, place of origin, culture, or social or economic status.
People drawn into the vortex of the Atlantic trade and funneled
into the sugar fields, the swampy rice lands or the cotton, coffee
or tobacco plantations of the new world and elsewhere, had no
alternative but to risk their lives for freedom. The plantation
provided the context for the dehumanization of disadvantaged groups
subjected to exhausting work, frequent punishment and personal
injustice of every kind, This book demonstrates that the history
and interpretation of these struggles of the oppressed peoples to
free themselves have not received proportionate attention and
analysis, as have other aspects of that history. For example,
although Maroon societies or "runaways," formed colonies of core
communities that fought won and preserved freedom in the New World
and became the symbol of a special type of nationalism they have
never been fully depicted as such in that role in World History and
culture. In the discussion of freedom and the activities
accompanying it in historical times, we often overlook the minor
currents that accompany its attainment either at its initi
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