AN INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC SCIENCE BY EDGAR H. STURTEVANT
Professor of Linguistics Emeritus in Yale University NEW HAVEN YALE
UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON GEOFFREY CUMBERLEGE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
COPYRIGHT, 1947, BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS Printed in the United
States of America First published April 1947 Second printing, May
1948 Third printing November, Fourth printing July t Fifth printing
March 1956 All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in
whole or in part, in any form except by reviewers for the public
press, without written permission from the publishers. PREFACE This
volume is intended for readers with no previous knowledge of
linguistics it is hoped that no one will have difficulty in reading
and understanding all of it. This does not mean that scientific
problems have been avoided or that the content of linguistic
science has been watered down. The guiding motto of the author has
been the quotation from homas Huxley on the first page of the intro
ductory chapter Science is ... nothing but trained and organ ized
common sense the language of our community, then, should be capable
of conveying the science of our community to all its members.
Technical terms have generally been avoided if the termi nology of
ordinary speech would do instead, and such technical terms as
seemed necessary have been explained. Obviously a book of this size
is far from complete. It is hoped that most readers will go on to
fuller discussions of the subject. By far the best book to follow
this is Leonard Bloomfields Language. 1 Other books will be
referred to in the following pages. All foreign words and forms are
cited in transcription. Greek is written with Latin letters
according to thesystem developed by the Romans, except that at is
written ail t, ci ot, oil oil, iil f, oi. It should be no ed that
Greek c is represented by c, and by ch. I have occasionally marked
with a prefixed star a word that is not citable from any text, but
I have not used this symbol before recon structed forms that are
clearly labeled as such in the context. The symbol means becomes or
becoming, and stands for comes from or coming from. Thanks are due
to the many scholars who have contributed in one way or another to
this book, especially to Leonard Bloomfield and Bernard Bloch of
Yale and to Adelaide Hahn of Hunter College. j. New York, Henry
Holt and Co, 1933. CONTENTS Phonetic Symbols ix I. Introductory i
II. Phonetics and Phonemics 9 III. The Relation of Writing to
Speech 19 IV. Records of Speech 30 V. The Origin of Language 40 VI.
Descriptive Linguistics 51 VII. The Empirical Basis of Phonetic
Laws 65 VIII. Why Are Phonetic Laws Regular 74 IX. Assimilation and
Dissimilation 85 X. Analogic Creation 96 XI. Processes Sometimes
Confused with Analogic Creation no XII. Change of Vocabulary 123
XIII. Change of Meaning 133 XIV. Borrowing 142 XV. The Comparative
Method 154 Index 169 PHONETIC SYMBOLS USED IN THIS BOOK CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY i. The English language, as everyone knows, has a
double vocabulary in addition to the words used in everyday life,
we have another set of terms that tend to be ustd in books and
public addresses, and also in conversation when the occasion is
formal or when the subject-matter calls for precision. Since a
large proportion of the words in this second vocabulary are loans
from other languages, it has been called the foreign learned
vocabulary. It includes not onlya great many learned-sounding
synonyms for very plain words, such as prestidigitation for
sleight-of hand or expectorate for spit, but also most of our
technical terminology. 2. An example of a foreign-learned term is
the phrase linguistic sci ence 1 in the title of this book. The
word linguistic is merely the more formal and imposing synonym of
the adjective language in everyday speech one might as well say
language science. Even that phrase, how ever, would have a special
a technical sense, and so both words need further clarification...
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