National Identity Identity and Partisan Polarization examines how
national identity has become a central issue in political and
social life across the world. Questions of identity-who should be
counted as a "true member" of a society and who deserves assistance
from the government-have displaced other social and economic issues
across nations in many countries. This study considers the role of
identity theoretically and in the United States, the United
Kingdom, France, Austria, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, Poland, Israel,
and Taiwan. Identity varies over time and over countries. Some such
as Sweden have a more "inclusive" sense of identity-one does not
need to be born in the country or have ancestry to be considered a
"true Swede." Other countries, such as Austria, France, Hungary,
Poland, Israel, and Taiwan, have a more "exclusive" notion of
identity-where one was born and a common heritage (race, religion,
ethnicity) are seen as essential for seeing others as "true"
members of society. "Outsiders" are viewed negatively, often as
threatening a national culture and not deserving of government
assistance. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and France,
the major political parties take opposing positions on identity. In
the United States and the United Kingdom, issues of identity have
become highly correlated (polarized) with social and economic
issues. In the former Communist countries of Hungary and Poland,
the dominant parties have taken nationalist positions on identity
but favor generous welfare policies for people of their own
background. In Israel and Taiwan, social and economic issues have
become less important than nationalism.
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