On 27 August 1883, the island of Krakatau was destroyed in one of
the most violent volcanic events ever recorded. This caused the
'year without a summer', thousands of deaths (mainly from
tsunamis), fabulous sunsets and a measurable cooling of the oceans
over nearly a century. Krakatau also provided evolutionary
biologists with a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms
of plant dispersal. This had been the subject of laborious research
for Charles Darwin, who had speculated upon and, it seems,
accurately postulated how an 'unstocked island' might be
recolonised. In this 1908 volume, Alfred Ernst analysed the effects
of wind, birds and sea currents in the transport not only of seeds
but also of trees, branches and even of substantial animals.
Krakatau's ecosystem, at a more primitive stage than that Darwin
had seen on the Galapagos Islands, demonstrated how simple but
continuous natural forces might re-establish a complex ecology.
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