This book is dedicated to the study of structure and transport
of deep and bottom waters through underwater channels of the
Atlantic Ocean. The study is based on recent observations, analysis
of historical data, and literature review. A strong flow of
Antarctic Bottom Water from the Argentine Basin to the Brazil Basin
through the Vema Channel (32?-27? S) is studied on the basis of CTD
sections combined with LADCP profiling carried out annually and
long-term moored measurements. The flow in the Vema Channel is
mixed in the vertical direction but horizontally stratified. The
mean speed of the flow is 30 cm/s and water transport is
approximately 3.5 Sv. Owing to the bottom Ekman friction the dense
core of the flow is usually displaced to the eastern wall of the
channel. A temperature increase was found in the deep Vema Channel,
which has been observed for 30 years already. The further flow of
bottom water in the Brazil Basin splits in the northern part of the
basin. Part of water flows to the East Atlantic basins through the
Romanche and Chain fracture zones. The other part is a northwestern
flow to the North American Basin. Part of the northwesterly flow
propagates through the Vema Fracture Zone (11? N) into the
Northeastern Atlantic basins. Flows in the Romanche, Chain, and
Vema fracture zones were studied recently by CTD and LADCP
profiling. An underwater cataract was found in the Chain Fracture
Zone. Recent measurements in the Kane Gap show that the flow of
bottom water there is characterized by alternative transport in
time. The Northeastern Atlantic basins are filled with the bottom
water flowing through the Vema Fracture Zone. The flows of bottom
waters through the Romanche and Chain fracture zones do not spread
to the Northeast Atlantic due to strong mixing in the equatorial
zone and enhanced transformation of bottom water properties.
Extra material: The CTD data sets collected in abyssal channels
of the Atlantic Ocean can be downloaded from http:
//extras.springer.com. The access to the data is organized either
by means of a clickable map or tables. Investigators can download
individual casts organized by the year of the experiment or its
location. The CTD data are organized in the form of a heading and
three columns (pressure, temperature, salinity). The style is
similar to the WOCE format. A line with coordinates is added to the
heading.
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