This book provides a comprehensive summary of the status of
emerging sensor technologies and provides a framework for future
advances in the field. Chemical sensors have gained in importance
in the past decade for applications that include homeland security,
medical and environmental monitoring and also food safety. A
desirable goal is the ability to simultaneously analyze a wide
variety of environmental and biological gases and liquids in the
field and to be able to selectively detect a target analyte with
high specificity and sensitivity. The goal is to realize real-time,
portable and inexpensive chemical and biological sensors and to use
these as monitors for handheld gas, environmental pollutant,
exhaled breath, saliva, urine, or blood, with wireless
capability.In the medical area, frequent screening can catch the
early development of diseases, reduce the suffering of patients due
to late diagnoses, and lower the medical cost. For example, a 96%
survival rate has been predicted in breast cancer patients if the
frequency of screening is every three months. This frequency cannot
be achieved with current methods of mammography due to high cost to
the patient and invasiveness (radiation). In the area of detection
of medical biomarkers, many different methods, including
enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA), particle-based flow
cytometric assays, electrochemical measurements based on impedance
and capacitance, electrical measurement of microcantilever resonant
frequency change, and conductance measurement of semiconductor
nanostructures, gas chromatography (GC), ion chromatography, high
density peptide arrays, laser scanning quantitiative analysis,
chemiluminescence, selected ion flow tube (SIFT), nanomechanical
cantilevers, bead-based suspension microarrays, magnetic biosensors
and mass spectrometry (MS) have been employed. Depending on the
sample condition, these methods may show variable results in terms
of sensitivity for some applications and may not meet the
requirements for a handheld biosensor.
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