At both a micro-information level and a macro-societal level,
the concepts of "knowledge" and "wisdom" are complementary - in
both decisions and in social structures and institutions. At the
decision level, knowledge is concerned with how to make a proper
choice of means, where "best" is measured as the efficiency toward
achieving an end. Wisdom is concerned with how to make a proper
choice of ends that attain "best" values.
At a societal level, knowledge is managed through
science/technology and innovation. And while science/technology is
society's way to create new means with high efficiencies, they
reveal nothing about values. Technology can be used for good or for
evil, to make the world into a garden or to destroy all life. It is
societal wisdom which should influence the choice of proper ends --
ends to make the world a garden.
How can society make progress in wisdom as well as knowledge?
Historically, the disciplines of the physical sciences and biology
have provided scientific foundations for societal knowledge But the
social science disciplines of sociology, economics, political
science have not provided a similar scientific foundation for
societal wisdom. To redress this gap, Frederick Betz examines
several cases in recent history that display a fundamental paradox
between scientific/technological achievement with devastating
social effects (i.e., historical events of ideological
dictatorships in Russia, Germany, China, and Yugoslavia). He builds
a new framework for applying social science perspectives to explain
societal histories and social theory. Emerging from this
methodological and empirical investigation is a general topological
theory of societal dynamics. This theory and methodology can be
used to integrate history and social science toward establishing
grounded principles of societal wisdom. "
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