The turbine has many advantages over other prime movers for
producing power. The first turbine used water as the working fluid
and this principle is still used in hydro-electric power
generation. The steam turbine was developed late in the nineteenth
century and was first applied to marine propulsion by Parsons in
1897. Since that time it has become the most widely used prime
mover in electricity generation and marine propulsion. The
equipment required to generate steam is bulky however and it was
realised that much more compact power plant could be designed if
the hot gases used for steam generation could drive the turbine
directly. Early attempts to produce gas turbines were unsuccessful
for several reasons, one major problem being that materials with
the capability of operating at sufficiently high stresses and
temperatures were not available. Following the first experimental
Whittle engine in 1937, the emphasis on the development of the gas
turbine engine for aircraft propulsion during World War II changed
this situation dramatically. Gas turbine powered civil aircraft
entered airline service in the early 1950s and gas turbines also
began to compete successfully in other fields. Apart from the
aircraft market, they have been used widely in pumping sets for oil
and gas transmission pipelines and peak load electricity
generation. Use in warship propulsion is increasing and there is
currently major activity, in the USA in particular, in developments
for vehicular propulsion.
General
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