The Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of
1986 is the most important legislation to affecting U.S. national
defense in the last 50 years. This act resulted from frustration in
Congress and among certain military officers concerning what they
believed to be the poor quality of military advice available to
civilian decision-makers. It also derived from the U.S. military's
perceived inability to conduct successful "joint" or multi-service
operations. The act, passes after four years of legislative debate,
designated the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as the
principal military advisor to the President and sought to foster
greater cooperation among the military services. Goldwater-Nichols
marks the latest attempt to balance competing tendencies within the
Department of Defense, namely centralization versus
decentralization and geographic versus functional distributions of
power. As a result of the Goldwater-Nichols Act, the Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs has achieved prominence, but his assignment is
somewhat contradictory: the spokesman and thus the advocate for the
Commander in Chief, while simultaneously the provider of objective
advice to the President. While the act did succeed in strengthening
the CINCs' authority and in contributing to the dramatic U.S.
achievements in the Gulf War, the air and ground campaigns revealed
weaknesses in the CINCs' capability to plan joint operations. In
addition, the increased role of the military in ad hoc peacekeeping
operations has challenged the U.S. military's current
organizational structure for the quick deployment of troops from
the various services. Rapid technological advances and post-Cold
War strategic uncertaintyalso complicate the U.S. military's
organizational structure.
General
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