Iceland is unique among European societies in having been founded
as late as the Viking Age and in having copious written and
archaeological sources about its origin. Gunnar Karlsson, that
country's premier historian, chronicles the age of the Sagas,
consulting them to describe an era without a monarch or central
authority. Equating this prosperous time with the golden age of
antiquity in world history, Karlsson then marks a correspondence
between the Dark Ages of Europe and Iceland's "dreary period",
which started with the loss of political independence in the late
thirteenth century and culminated with an epoch of poverty and
humility, especially during the early Modern Age.
Iceland's renaissance came about with the successful struggle
for independence in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
and with the industrial and technical modernization of the first
half of the twentieth century. Karlsson describes the rise of
nationalism as Iceland's mostly poor peasants set about breaking
with Denmark, and he shows how Iceland in the twentieth century
slowly caught up economically with its European neighbors.
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