With the development of Very-Deep Sub-Micron technologies,
process variability is becoming increasingly important and is a
very important issue in the design of complex circuits. Process
variability is the statistical variation of process parameters,
meaning that these parameters do not have always the same value,
but become a random variable, with a given mean value and standard
deviation. This effect can lead to several issues in digital
circuit design.
The logical consequence of this parameter variation is that
circuit characteristics, as delay and power, also become random
variables. Because of the delay variability, not all circuits will
now have the same performance, but some will be faster and some
slower. However, the slowest circuits may be so slow that they will
not be appropriate for sale. On the other hand, the fastest
circuits that could be sold for a higher price can be very leaky,
and also not very appropriate for sale. A main consequence of power
variability is that the power consumption of some circuits will be
different than expected, reducing reliability, average life
expectancy and warranty of products. Sometimes the circuits will
not work at all, due to reasons associated with process variations.
At the end, these effects result in lower yield and lower
profitability.
To understand these effects, it is necessary to study the
consequences of variability in several aspects of circuit design,
like logic gates, storage elements, clock distribution, and any
other that can be affected by process variations. The main focus of
this book will be storage elements.
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