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Beyond the Gymnasium - Educating the Middle-Class Bodies in Classical Germany (Paperback)
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Beyond the Gymnasium - Educating the Middle-Class Bodies in Classical Germany (Paperback)
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Beyond the Gymnasium is the first systematic effort to examine the
history of the body in modern Germany. By looking into medical
dietetics, walking, dancing, gymnastics, cholera, and classrooms,
Heikki Lempa reconstructs the ways the middle-class body became a
source of political and social autonomy and a medium of social
interaction. During the first two decades of the nineteenth
century, German physicians defined the middle class body as
qualitatively different from the lower class body. This belief was
supported by a contemporary science known as dietetics. Lempa
provides a comprehensive history and analysis of this science.
Beyond the Gymnasium also analyzes the social implications of court
dancing and gymnastics. In the eighteenth century, the French court
dances set the standards of upper and middle class conduct. In the
1810s, the gymnastics movement challenged this tradition by
propagating vigorous physical exercise and egalitarian social
interaction. In 1819, the ban on gymnastics contributed to the
rapid spread of dancing clubs, ballrooms, public promenades, and
spas; the old forms of bodily interaction underwent a renaissance.
These two trends-the quest for bodily autonomy and the continuity
of traditional bodily conduct-played an important role in the
status of the German middle class in the nineteenth century. In
social interaction, it continued to cultivate those forms that had
endowed the Old Regime with its specific character and flair. To
explain this, the book explores the forms of social recognition in
dancing, greeting, and walking and discovers that the German middle
class displayed an aptitude for social recognition of asymmetrical
relationships.
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