Focusing primarily on Swedish, a Germanic language whose particles
have not previously been studied extensively, Non-Projecting Words:
A Case Study on Swedish Particles develops a theory of
non-projecting words in which particles are morphologically
independent words that do not project phrases.
Particles have long constituted a puzzle for Germanic syntax, as
they exhibit properties of both morphological and syntactic
constructs. Although non-projecting words have appeared in the
literature before, it has gone largely unnoticed that such
structures violate the basic tenets of X-bar theory. This work
identifies these violations and develops a formally explicit
revision of X-bar theory that can accommodate the requisite "weak"
projections.
The resulting theory, stated in terms of Lexical-Functional
Grammar, also yields a novel classification of clitics, and it
sheds new light on a range of recent theoretical proposals,
including economy, multi-word constructions, and the primitives of
lexical semantics. At an abstract level, we see that the modular,
parallel-projection architecture of LFG is essential to the
description of a variety of otherwise recalcitrant facts about
non-projecting words.
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