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Sodium Intake in Populations - Assessment of Evidence (Paperback, New)
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Sodium Intake in Populations - Assessment of Evidence (Paperback, New)
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Despite efforts over the past several decades to reduce sodium
intake in the United States, adults still consume an average of
3,400 mg of sodium every day. A number of scientific bodies and
professional health organizations, including the American Heart
Association, the American Medical Association, and the American
Public Health Association, support reducing dietary sodium intake.
These organizations support a common goal to reduce daily sodium
intake to less than 2,300 milligrams and further reduce intake to
1,500 mg among persons who are 51 years of age and older and those
of any age who are African-American or have hypertension, diabetes,
or chronic kidney disease. A substantial body of evidence supports
these efforts to reduce sodium intake. This evidence links
excessive dietary sodium to high blood pressure, a surrogate marker
for cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and cardiac-related
mortality. However, concerns have been raised that a low sodium
intake may adversely affect certain risk factors, including blood
lipids and insulin resistance, and thus potentially increase risk
of heart disease and stroke. In fact, several recent reports have
challenged sodium reduction in the population as a strategy to
reduce this risk. Sodium Intake in Populations recognizes the
limitations of the available evidence, and explains that there is
no consistent evidence to support an association between sodium
intake and either a beneficial or adverse effect on most direct
health outcomes other than some CVD outcomes (including stroke and
CVD mortality) and all-cause mortality. Some evidence suggested
that decreasing sodium intake could possibly reduce the risk of
gastric cancer. However, the evidence was too limited to conclude
the converse-that higher sodium intake could possibly increase the
risk of gastric cancer. Interpreting these findings was
particularly challenging because most studies were conducted
outside the United States in populations consuming much higher
levels of sodium than those consumed in this country. Sodium Intake
in Populations is a summary of the findings and conclusions on
evidence for associations between sodium intake and risk of
CVD-related events and mortality. Table of Contents Front Matter
Summary 1 Introduction 2 Approach to Evidence Review 3 Sodium
Intake and Intermediate Markers for Health Outcomes 4 Sodium Intake
and Health Outcomes 5 Findings and Conclusions Appendix A: Acronyms
and Abbreviations Appendix B: Committee Member Biographical
Sketches Appendix C: Open Session Agendas Appendix D: Biomarkers
Figure Appendix E: Literature Search Strategy Appendix F:
Presentation of Results - Evidence Tables
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