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Books > Science & Mathematics > Biology, life sciences > Biochemistry > Toxicology (non-medical)
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Ionizing Radiation, Pt. 1 - X- and Gamma-radiation and Neutrons (Paperback)
Loot Price: R1,442
Discovery Miles 14 420
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Ionizing Radiation, Pt. 1 - X- and Gamma-radiation and Neutrons (Paperback)
Series: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 75
Expected to ship within 10 - 15 working days
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Evaluates the carcinogenic risks to humans posed by exposure to X-
and g-radiation and to neutrons from external sources. The book
opens with a general introduction to nomenclature, dosimetric
methods and models in the occupational and environmental settings,
the behaviour of radiation in biological tissues, and sources of
human exposure. Natural background radiation is identified as by
far the largest source of exposure for the world's population. The
medical use of X-rays and radiopharmaceuticals constitutes the next
most significant source, followed by exposure from atmospheric
testing of nuclear weapons. The collective doses from other sources
of radiation are considered much less important. The first and most
monograph, on X- and g-radiation, reviews the large body of
evidence arising from the extensive investigation of carcinogenic
effects in humans, mainly in survivors of the atomic bombings in
Japan and patients exposed to radiation for medical reasons. In
both groups, an excess number of cases of leukaemia and other
cancers have been observed.Irradiation during childhood increases
the risk of thyroid cancer, while an increase in breast cancer risk
has been observed after irradiation of pre-menopausal women. X-rays
and g-rays have also been tested for carcinogenicity at various
doses and under various conditions in a range of animal species. In
adult animals, the incidences of leukaemia and of mammary, lung,
and thyroid tumours were increased in a dose-dependent manner with
both types of radiation. Prenatal exposure also gave rise to
increased incidences of various types of tumours. On the basis of
this evidence, the monograph concludes that X-radiation and
g-radiation are carcinogenic to humans. The carcinogenic risk to
humans posed by exposure to neutrons is evaluated in the second
monograph, which concentrates on risks associated with the exposure
of patients to neutron radiotherapy beams and exposures of aircraft
passengers and crew. In high-altitude cities, neutrons can
constitute as much as 25% of background radiation. Neutrons from
various sources with wide ranges of mean energy have been tested
for carcinogenicity in different animal species, and at various
doses and dose rates.In adult animals, the incidences of leukaemia
and ovarian, mammary, lung, and liver cancer were increased in a
dose-related manner. Prenatal and parental exposure resulted in
increased incidences of liver tumours in the offspring. In
virtually all studies, neutrons were more effective in inducing
tumours than were X-rays and g-rays when compared on the basis of
absorbed dose. Although no adequate human carcinogenicity data were
available for assessment, the monograph used other relevant data,
including evidence of DNA damage, to reach the conclusion that
neutrons are carcinogenic to humans.
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