Economists have repeatedly warned against them, NGOs have fought
them, and some governments have begrudgingly (at least in
appearance) signed them. Yet, in the last twenty years the growth
in number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has been
unabated. Even more strikingly, their scope has broadened while
their number was increasing. Deep integration provisions in PTAs
have now become ubiquitous. Gaining market access or preserving
existing preferences has remained an important motivation for
acceding to PTAs. But with the liberalization of trade around the
world and the related diminishing size of preferential rents, the
growing success of PTAs cannot be only explained by traditional
market access motives (even factoring for the possible substitution
of tariff for other less transparent forms of protection).
Countries are looking beyond market access in PTAs. They are
interested in a host of objectives, including importing higher
policy standards, strengthening regional policy coordination,
locking-in domestic reforms, and even addressing foreign policy
issues. This handbook on PTA policies for development offers an
introduction into the world of modern preferential trade
agreements. It goes beyond the traditional paradigm of trade
creation versus trade diversion to address the economic and legal
aspects of the regulatory policies that are contained in today s
PTAs. The book maps the landscape of PTAs, summarizes the
theoretical arguments, political economy, and development
dimensions of PTAs, and presents the current practice in the main
policy areas typically covered in PTAs (from agriculture policy,
rules of origin, customs unions, trade remedies, product standards,
technical barriers, to behind the border issues related to
investment, trade facilitation, competition, government
procurement, intellectual property, labor rights, human rights,
environment, migration, and dispute resolution). These are also
usually the policies driven by powerful trading blocs as they
strive to influence the evolution of the global trading system."
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