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Books > Business & Economics > Economics > International economics > International trade > Trade agreements & tariffs
Europe's trade policies matter in global politics. Despite the
recent focus on Brazil, India, and particularly China, the European
Union remains the world's largest market and trader. Despite its
recent economic troubles, Europe remains in a powerful position to
shape how globalization is governed. We know surprisingly little
about how its trade policy is actually made, because previous works
have focused on individual trade policy decisions to the detriment
of the 'big picture' of the Union as a trade power. Parochial
Global Europe argues that trade policy is composed of multiple,
distinct policies. Each presents a distinctive constellation of
mobilized societal preferences, pattern of political institutions,
and range of government preferences. The balance of economic power
between the EU and its trade partner(s) affects the stakes
involved. Together these four factors define trade policy
sub-systems, which help explain both the EU's objectives and
whether it realizes them. The authors advance this argument by
analysing the EU's role in the demise of the Doha Round, its use of
anti-dumping and pursuit of market access, the trade effects of its
single market programme and efforts at regulatory diplomacy,
including the launch of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment
Partnership negotiations. Parochial Global Europe thus focuses
centrally on modern, 21st century trade policy. It also sheds light
on the EU as a global actor by analysing its use of trade policy as
a tool of foreign policy from promoting development, to encouraging
human rights and environmental protection, to punishing security
threats.
The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is one of the longest established
and more controversial of the common policies of the EC. It deals
principally with the management of fishery resources, relations
between the EC and third States in fisheries matters, the marketing
of and trade in fishery products, financial assistance to the
fisheries sector, and aquaculture. However, the CFP is not just a
matter for those with an economic interest in fisheries. It also
raises many issues of more general concern, such as the capacity of
the EC and its Member States to manage important natural resources
sustainably, the impact of fishing on the wider marine environment,
and relations between developed and developing States. This book
addresses the CFP from a legal perspective. It provides a detailed
account of the very large body of EC law comprising the CFP, and
draws on the European Commission's associated documents to aid
interpretation and add context. As a result, the book will be of
value to anyone wanting knowledge of the law of the CFP. Although
not addressing the Commission's 2009 Green Paper on reform of the
CFP, the book should provide a useful reference point against which
to view the reform of parts of the CFP that is anticipated to take
place over the next few years.
The Political Economy of the World Trading System is a
comprehensive textbook account of the economics, institutional
mechanics and politics of the world trading system. This third
edition has been expanded and updated to cover developments in the
World Trade Organisation (WTO) since its formation, including the
Doha Round, presenting the essentials of trade negotiations and the
WTO's rules and disciplines.
The authors focus in particular on the WTO's role as the primary
organisation through which trading nations manage their commercial
interactions and the focal point for cooperation on policy
responses to the rapidly changing global trading environment. It is
the forum in which many features of the globalisation process are
considered, and it currently faces an unprecedented set of
challenges. The increasing importance of countries in Asia, Latin
America and Africa in international trade relations, the revealed
preference towards regionalism, intensification of trade conflicts,
the role of business groups and NGOs in trade policy formation and
negotiations, and pressures for more leadership in an institution
threatened by paralysis are examples of issues that are discussed
in some detail; all are critical for the operation of the system
and for international business in the coming decade. This edition
also includes numerous real-world examples to illustrate how the
WTO impinges on business, workers and households, written from the
perspective of managers and business associations.
An insider's view of the institutional history of the WTO allows
the authors to use a variety of conceptual tools to analyse the
working of the WTO in a non-technical manner. Suggestions for
Further Reading at the end of each chapter and an extensive
bibliography make the volume suitable both for introductory and
postgraduate courses on international economics and business,
international relations, and international economic law.
The Research Handbook on Trade Wars presents an informative and
in-depth account of the origins, dynamics, and implications of
trade wars, which are growing both in scale and scope in today's
increasingly interdependent global economy. Timely and
comprehensive, it provides a holistic understanding of trade wars,
including not only the domestic and international factors that
influence the pattern of trade war onset and escalation, but also
the stakeholders and processes that shape the outcomes of such
highly intense trade conflicts. Leading scholars in the field
present original and thought-provoking research material,
critically engage with academic and policy debates, and make
theoretical contributions as well as valuable policy
recommendations. In addition to its in-depth analysis of the
global, domestic, political, and economic origins of trade wars,
this Research Handbook also examines the variation in the scope of
trade wars, the forum for dispute settlement, the factors that
influence the pattern of dispute escalation, and the linkages
between national security considerations and commercial conflicts.
Providing the frameworks necessary for understanding the political
and economic logics of trade wars, this Handbook will be a valuable
source of reference for researchers, government officials,
businesses, and post-graduate students interested in international
political economy, international economics, economic statecraft,
public policy, and international relations.
This insightful Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the
most recent developments in the academic debate on the numerous and
complex linkages between international trade and climate change.
Adopting a broad interdisciplinary approach, it brings together
perspectives from scholars in economics, political science and
legal studies to confront the critical environmental challenges
posed by globalization. Initial chapters provide an overview of the
key debates related to international trade and climate policy,
engaging with empirical data from the US and China to assess the
impact of new trade initiatives and policy on greenhouse gas
emissions, carbon leakage and the increase of trade in
carbon-intensive products. Contributors propose policy options that
align international trade with climate change mitigation and
address crucial legal and practical implications, including the
implementation of Border Carbon Adjustments and international trade
disputes. Offering critical and empirically-based perspectives on
the future of international trade policy, this timely Handbook is
crucial reading for scholars, researchers and graduate students in
political science, public policy and climate research. Policymakers
will also benefit from its unique and insightful policy
recommendations.
The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), a modified and
modernized version of the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), will continue to govern most economic relationships in
North America, including the more than $1.3 trillion in annual
regional trade in goods and services, for the foreseeable future.
USMCA preserves the bulk of the NAFTA structures that permit North
American manufacturers to compete effectively with their European
and Asian counterparts in North American and foreign markets. Once
in effect, USMCA should largely resolve the chilling effect on
investment and new hiring generated by three years of uncertainty
over NAFTA's future. This book provides a detailed analysis and
critique of the provisions of the USMCA and the USMCA's relation to
NAFTA. It is designed to assist lawyers and non-lawyers alike,
including law, economics and public policy scholars, business
professionals and governmental officials who require an
understanding of one of the worlds' most economically and
politically significant regional trade agreements.
This authoritative book explores copyright and trade in the Pacific
Rim under the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a mega-regional
trade deal. Offering a perceptive critique of the TPP, Matthew
Rimmer highlights the dissonance between Barack Obama's ideals that
the agreement would be progressive and comprehensive and the
substance of the trade deal. Rimmer considers the intellectual
property chapter of the TPP, focusing on the debate over copyright
terms, copyright exceptions, intermediary liability, and
technological protection measures. He analyses the negotiations
over trademark law, cybersquatting, geographical indications, and
the plain packaging of tobacco products. The book also considers
the debate over patent law and access to essential medicines, data
protection and biologics, access to genetic resources, and the
treatment of Indigenous intellectual property. Examining
globalization and its discontents, the book concludes with policy
solutions and recommendations for a truly progressive approach to
intellectual property and trade. This book will be a valuable
resource for scholars and students of intellectual property law,
international economic law, and trade law. Its practical
recommendations will also be beneficial for practitioners and
policy makers working in the fields of intellectual property,
investment, and trade.
The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), a modified and
modernized version of the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), will continue to govern most economic relationships in
North America, including the more than $1.3 trillion in annual
regional trade in goods and services, for the foreseeable future.
USMCA preserves the bulk of the NAFTA structures that permit North
American manufacturers to compete effectively with their European
and Asian counterparts in North American and foreign markets. Once
in effect, USMCA should largely resolve the chilling effect on
investment and new hiring generated by three years of uncertainty
over NAFTA's future. This book provides a detailed analysis and
critique of the provisions of the USMCA and the USMCA's relation to
NAFTA. It is designed to assist lawyers and non-lawyers alike,
including law, economics and public policy scholars, business
professionals and governmental officials who require an
understanding of one of the worlds' most economically and
politically significant regional trade agreements.
As the ice around the Arctic landmass recedes, the territory is
becoming a flashpoint in world affairs. New trade routes, cutting
thousands of miles off journeys, are available, and the Arctic is
thought to be home to enormous gas and oil reserves. The
territorial lines are new and hazy. This book looks at how Russia
deals with the outside world vis a vis the Arctic. Given Russia's
recent bold foreign policy interventions, these are crucial issues
and the realpolitik practiced by the Russian state is essential for
understanding the Arctic's future.Here, Geir Honneland brings
together decades of cutting-edge research - investigating the
political contexts and international tensions surrounding Russia's
actions. Honneland looks specifically at 'region-building' and
environmental politics of fishing and climate change, on nuclear
safety and nature preservation, and also analyses the diplomatic
relations surrounding clashes with Norway and Canada, as well as at
the governance of the Barents Sea. The Politics of the Arctic is a
crucial addition to our understanding of contemporary International
Relations concerning the Polar North.
The 1970s were a decade of historic American energy crises - major
interruptions in oil supplies from the Middle East, the country's
most dangerous nuclear accident, and chronic shortages of natural
gas. In Energy Crises, Jay Hakes brings his expertise in energy and
presidential history to bear on the questions of why these crises
occurred, how different choices might have prevented or ameliorated
them, and what they have meant for the half-century since - and
likely the half-century ahead. Hakes deftly intertwines the
domestic and international aspects of the long-misunderstood fuel
shortages that still affect our lives today. This approach, drawing
on previously unavailable and inaccessible records, affords an
insider's view of decision-making by three U.S. presidents, the
influence of their sometimes-combative aides, and their often
tortuous relations with the rulers of Iran and Saudi Arabia. Hakes
skillfully dissects inept federal attempts to regulate oil prices
and allocation, but also identifies the decade's more positive
legacies - from the nation's first massive commitment to the
development of alternative energy sources other than nuclear power,
to the initial movement toward a less polluting, more efficient
energy economy. The 1970s brought about a tectonic shift in the
world of energy. Tracing these consequences to their origins in
policy and practice, Hakes makes their lessons available at a
critical moment - as the nation faces the challenge of climate
change resulting from the burning of fossil fuels.
In the age of globalisation, goods, services, labour and capital
are crossing international borders on a scale never before known.
They are creating a nationless market. Governed by both the
invisible hand of business and interest and the visible hand of
authority and direction, a world market can be a free-for-all, but
it can also be constrained by the national interest of countries
that differ greatly in their social institutions and material
circumstances. This book provides a lucid and comprehensive account
of contemporary international political economy. Beginning with the
ideological underpinnings, it examines the globalisation of trade
in goods and services and labour and capital. It relates the free
economic market to social consensus and political regulation, both
within sovereign countries and at the supra-national level. The
book is comprehensive and interdisciplinary, incorporating
philosophical, political, social and economic insights on an
international scale and applying them directly to the ongoing
phenomenon of globalisation. Topical and non-nation specific, it
covers the WTO, EU, the transfer of technology, the multinational
corporation, the exchange rate, free versus regulated trade, the
status of agreements and blocs, as well as contemporary issues such
as populism, xenophobia and rapid economic growth in both rich and
poor nations. Accessible to specialists, students and the informed
reader alike, State and Trade offers wide-ranging analysis of the
politics of trade in goods and services, international investment
and the migration of labour across the globe.
The events in Seattle and other cities around the world demonstrate
that globalisation and trade liberalisation are currently under
severe pressure. There are also reasons to believe that these
pressures are being translated into measures to increase the
protection of domestic markets. This book addresses what are
arguably the four most important origins of these pressures:
macroeconomic conditions, labour policy, trade and the environment,
and market imperfections.The authors first address the role of
macroeconomic conditions and policies, and demonstrate how these
can have a crucial role in explaining 'slippages' of trade policy.
The second origin of instability is labour policy, in particular
the pressures to introduce universal labour standards. The third
economic origin the book considers is the relationship between
trade and the environment and the attempts to link trade policies
to environmental standards. The fourth origin of protectionist
pressure comes from the presence of various market imperfections
and the extent to which they affect competition. The authors
conclude that multilateral agreements can be extremely helpful in
creating the right environment for equitable trade policies, but
warn that complete success can only be achieved once major hurdles
are overcome in the highly controversial and politically sensitive
areas of labour, environment and competition. Offering a unique
perspective on the threat to globalisation, this book should be
widely read by students, practitioners and policymakers in the
spheres of international trade, transition and development studies,
and competition, labour and environmental economics.
The collapse of the Doha Round hangs heavily over an already
troubled world economy. Some have concluded that this failure is
simply the result of a lack of political will and a pre-occupation
with issues such as terrorism. But as Kent Jones reveals in The
Doha Blues, the World Trade Organization needs serious structural
changes, not just political backbone. He shows for instance that
the WTO--now with 153 members--has become increasingly unwieldy in
terms of concluding trade agreements and he suggests that countries
organize around specific platform positions, a strategy that would
make the "holy grail" of consensus once again possible. Jones also
argues for financial support for poorer countries so that they can
participate effectively in negotiations and he contends that the
principle of the "single undertaking" (that "there is no agreement
until everything is agreed") has become a serious and perhaps
crippling constraint, and must be modified. Jones is a leading
authority on trade policy and his book illuminates the real
stumbling blocks to trade liberalization and highlights the way
around them.
Discussion of trade barriers has come round - inevitably it seems -
to national regimes of regulatory protection. Indeed, state
regulation has the potential to undermine the very legitimacy of
the global trading system. A compelling reconciliation between
these two paramount values is essential. This text has a twofold
purpose: to consider what has so far been accomplished in this
mission in the field of international economic law, and to
prescribe some solutions to continuing problems. This latter
endeavour amounts to a coherent and integrated plan that will
enhance the acceptability of free markets to governments, traders,
and other stakeholders alike. The challenges analysed in depth here
include: the development in the global trade regime of non-trade
policy objectives, which still tend to be treated as mere
exceptions to general obligations; the built-in emphasis on
products rather than measures; the novel risks associated with the
development of modern technology; the case-by-case approach of WTO
jurisprudence, which generally fails to investigate whether the
substance of any given domestic regulation is necessary to the
policy goals of the state in question; and the "technical and
economic feasibility" of complying with international trade
obligations. The author conducts his analysis in a broad context
encompassing the WTO system, the European Union, and the North
American Free Trade Agreement. He finds that the clash, despite the
particular institutional characteristics of these various
organizations, is a major concern of them all. The jus gentium of
international trade, he offers, is an imperative combining the good
faith principle with the communitarian duty to cooperate. Exactly
how to go about ordering this imperative is what this book is
about.
This year, the "Yearbook Commercial Arbitration" has reached the
milestone of thirty years of documenting the law and practice of
international commercial arbitration. The Yearbook provides
up-to-date and informative material to arbitration scholars and
practitioners in the form of arbitral awards and court decisions,
as well as newly adopted or amended arbitration rules. An
indispensable feature of the Yearbook is the reporting on the 1958
New York Convention, which in this volume includes the greatest
number of cases yet - 79 court decisions from 12 countries
throughout the world. These cases are indexed and linked to the
General Editor's earlier-published Commentaries on the New York
Convention, facilitating research on any aspect of the Convention.
The Yearbook also contains recent court decisions applying the 1961
European Convention, the 1975 Inter-American Arbitration Convention
and the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration,
as well as leading cases on topical issues from a variety of
jurisdictions. Austrian, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish
and Swedish decisions are translated into English, giving the
reader access to material which might otherwise be inaccessible.
Arbitral awards made under the auspices of the Iran-US Claims
Tribunal, the International Court of Arbitration of the
International Chamber of Commerce, the German Maritime Arbitration
Association and the Hamburg Friendly Arbitration deal with
procedural and substantive issues of general interest to the
business and legal communities. New and amended rules adopted by
the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission
(CIETAC), the China Maritime Arbitration Commission (CMAC) and the
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) are reproduced and
information is provided on arbitration legislation recently enacted
in Chile, Denmark, Norway, Philippines and Poland. A Bibliography
and List of Journals keep the reader up-to-date on relevant
literature. The worldwide scope and variety of the materials of the
Yearbook assure the reader of a comprehensive annual overview of
international commercial arbitration.
This book offers a comprehensive account of the transatlantic regulatory cooperation phenomenon: its causes and political context in a globalizing economy, its theoretical understanding, its relationship to trade and competition, its implications for democracy, and its likely directions in the future. This book recognizes that, while national authorities are still the principal actors in regulatory fields, regulation is increasingly an international affair.
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