The New Deal is often said to represent a sea change in American
constitutional history, overturning a century of precedent to
permit an expanded federal government, increased regulation of the
economy, and eroded property protections. John Compton offers a
surprising revision of this familiar narrative, showing that
nineteenth-century evangelical Protestants, not New Deal reformers,
paved the way for the most important constitutional developments of
the twentieth century.
Following the great religious revivals of the early 1800s,
American evangelicals embarked on a crusade to eradicate immorality
from national life by destroying the property that made it
possible. Their cause represented a direct challenge to
founding-era legal protections of sinful practices such as slavery,
lottery gambling, and buying and selling liquor. Although
evangelicals urged the judiciary to bend the rules of
constitutional adjudication on behalf of moral reform, antebellum
judges usually resisted their overtures. But after the Civil War,
American jurists increasingly acquiesced in the destruction of
property on moral grounds.
In the early twentieth century, Oliver Wendell Holmes and other
critics of laissez-faire constitutionalism used the judiciary's
acceptance of evangelical moral values to demonstrate that
conceptions of property rights and federalism were fluid, socially
constructed, and subject to modification by democratic majorities.
The result was a progressive constitutional regime--rooted in
evangelical Protestantism--that would hold sway for the rest of the
twentieth century.
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