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Exception Taken - How France Has Defied Hollywood's New World Order (Paperback)
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Exception Taken - How France Has Defied Hollywood's New World Order (Paperback)
Series: Film and Culture Series
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In Exception Taken, Jonathan Buchsbaum examines the movements that
have emerged in opposition to the homogenizing force of Hollywood
in global filmmaking. While European cinema was entering a steady
decline in the 1980s, France sought to strengthen support for its
film industry under the new Mitterrand government. Over the
following decades, the country lobbied partners in the European
Economic Community to design strategies to protect the audiovisual
industries and to resist cultural free-trade pressures in
international trade agreements. These struggles to preserve the
autonomy of national artistic prerogatives emboldened many
countries to question the benefits of accelerated globalization.
Led by the energetic minister of culture Jack Lang, France
initiated a series of measures to support all sectors of the film
industry. Lang introduced laws mandating that state and private
television invest in the film industry, effectively replacing the
revenue lost from a shrinking theatrical audience for French films.
With the formation of the European Union in 1992, Europe passed a
new treaty (Maastricht) that extended its legal purview to culture
for the first time, setting up the dramatic confrontation over the
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) in 1993. Pushed by
France, the EU fought the United States over the idea that
countries should preserve their right to regulate cultural activity
as they saw fit. France and Canada then initiated a campaign to
protect cultural diversity within UNESCO that led to the passage of
the Convention on Cultural Diversity in 2005. As France pursued
these efforts to protect cultural diversity beyond its borders, it
also articulated "a certain idea of cinema" that did not simply
defend a narrow vision of national cinema. France promoted both
commercial cinema and art cinema, disproving announcements of the
death of cinema.
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