In the approach to the analysis of disease, including, of course,
cancer, two major thrusts may be distinguished. These may be
referred to, in shorthand, as agents and processes: the causative
agents (chemical, microbial, physical, environmental, and
psychosocial) and the organismic processes, initiated and furthered
by the agents, culminating in observable pathology (at the
macromolecular, cytological, histological, organ function,
locomotor, and behavioral levels). The past 25 years, since the
appearance of the first volume of the predecessor series (1)
authored by the Editors of this present volume, have seen an
impressive number of studies on chemicals (and other agents) as
etiologic factors in the induction of cancer. The major emphasis
has been on the discovery of many chemical carcinogens of widely
different structures, their metabolism by various tissues and
cells, and, in turn, their molecular-biochemical effects on the
cells. This rapidly expanded body of information, as effectively
covered in the predecessor volumes, is an excellent entree to the
second half of the overall problem of chemical carcinogenesis, the
processes. The active agents trigger a large array of
molecular-biochemical alterations to which the target cells, target
tissues, and target organisms respond in many select and common
ways. This second major aspect of the induction of cancer by
chemicals (and by other agents)- the sequence of cellular and
tissue changes clearly relevant to cancer-remains the challenge for
the future.
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