James Franck (1882-1964) was one of the twentieth century's most
respected scientists, known both for his contributions to physics
and for his moral courage. During the 1920s, Franck was a prominent
figure in the German physics community. His research into the
structure of the atom earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1925. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, Franck resigned his
professorship at Gottingen in protest against anti-Jewish policies.
He soon emigrated to the United States, where, at the University of
Chicago, he began innovative research into photosynthesis.
When the Second World War began, Franck was recruited for the
Manhattan Project. With Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard, he created a
controlled nuclear chain reaction which led to the creation of a
nuclear weapon. During the final months of the war, however, Franck
grew concerned about the consequences of using such a weapon. He
became the principal author of the celebrated "Franck Report,"
which urged Truman not to use the atomic bomb and warned that a
nuclear arms race against the Soviet Union would be an inevitable
result. After the War, Franck turned his attention back to
photosynthesis; his discoveries influenced chemistry as well as
physics.
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