In the summer of 1926, an army of Mexican Catholics launched a war
against their government. Bearing aloft the banners of Christ the
King and the Virgin of Guadalupe, they equipped themselves not only
with guns, but also with scapulars, rosaries, prayers, and
religious visions. These soldiers were called cristeros, and the
war they fought, which would continue until the mid-1930s, is known
as la Cristiada, or the Cristero war. The most intense fighting
occurred in Mexico's west-central states, especially Jalisco,
Guanajuato, and Michoacan. For this reason, scholars have generally
regarded the war as a regional event, albeit one with national
implications. Yet in fact, the Cristero war crossed the border into
the United States, along with thousands of Mexican emigrants,
exiles, and refugees. In Mexican Exodus, Julia Young reframes the
Cristero war as a transnational conflict, using previously
unexamined archival materials from both Mexico and the United
States to investigate the intersections between Mexico's Cristero
War and Mexican migration to the United States during the late
1920s. She traces the formation, actions, and ideologies of the
Cristero diaspora-a network of Mexicans across the United States
who supported the Catholic uprising from beyond the border. These
Cristero supporters participated in the conflict in a variety of
ways: they took part in religious ceremonies and spectacles,
organized political demonstrations and marches, formed associations
and organizations, and collaborated with religious and political
leaders on both sides of the border. Some of them even launched
militant efforts that included arms smuggling, military
recruitment, espionage, and armed border revolts. Ultimately, the
Cristero diaspora aimed to overturn Mexico's anticlerical
government and reform the Mexican Constitution of 1917. Although
the group was unable to achieve its political goals, Young argues
that these emigrants-and the war itself-would have a profound and
enduring resonance for Mexican emigrants, impacting community
formation, political affiliations, and religious devotion
throughout subsequent decades and up to the present day.
General
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