Julian (Flavius Claudius Iulianus) "the Apostate," Roman Emperor,
lived 331 or 332 to 363 CE. Born and educated in Constantinople as
a Christian, after a precarious childhood he devoted himself to
literature and philosophy and became a pagan, studying in various
Greek cities. In 355 his cousin Emperor Constantius called him from
Athens to the court at Milan, entitled him "Caesar," and made him
governor of Gaul. Julian restored Gaul to prosperity and good
government after the ravages of the Alamanni (he overthrew them at
the battle of Strassburg in 357) and other Germans. Between 357 and
361 Julian's own soldiers, refusing to serve in the East at
Constantius's orders, nearly involved Julian in war with
Constantius--who however died in 361 so that Julian became sole
Emperor of the Roman world. He began many reforms and proclaimed
universal toleration in religion but pressed for the restoration of
the older pagan worships. In 362-363 he prepared at Constantinople
and then at Antioch for his expedition against Persia ruled by
Shapur II. He died of a wound received in desperate battle.
Julian's surviving works (lost are his "Commentaries" on his
western campaigns), all in Greek, are given in the Loeb Classical
Library in three volumes. The eight "Orations" (1-5 in Volume I,
6-8 in Volume II) include two in praise of Constantius, one
praising Constantius's wife Eusebia, and two theosophical hymns (in
prose) or declamations, of interest for studies in neo-Platonism,
Mithraism, and the cult of the Magna Mater in the Roman world. The
satirical "Caesars" and "Misopogon," Beard-hater, are also in
Volume II. "The Letters" (more than eighty, Volume III) include
edicts or rescripts, mostlyabout Christians, encyclical or pastoral
letters to priests, and private letters. Lastly in Volume III are
the fragments of the work "Against the Galilaeans" (the
Christians), written mainly to show that evidence for the idea of
Christianity is lacking in the Old Testament.
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