The argument posed in this analysis is that the poetic excesses
of several major female poets, excesses that have been typically
regarded as flaws in their work, are strategies for escaping the
inhibiting and sometimes inimical conventions too often imposed on
women writers. The forms of excess vary with each poet, but by
conceiving of poetic excess in relation to literary decorum, this
study establishes a shared motivation for such a strategy.
Literary decorum is one instrument a culture employs to
constrain its writers. Perhaps it is the most effective because it
is the least definable. The excesses discussed here, like the
criteria of decorum against which they are perceived, cannot be
itemized as an immutable set of traits.
Though decorum and excess shift over time and in different
cultures, their relationship to one another remains strikingly
stable. Thus, nineteenth-century standards for women's writing and
late twentieth-century standards bear almost no relation. Emily
Dickinson's do not anticipate Gertrude Stein's or Sylvia Plath's or
Jayne Cortez's or Ntozake Shange's.
Yet the charges of indecorousness leveled at these women poets
repeat a fixed set of abstract grievances. Dickinson, Stein, Plath,
Cortez, and Shange all engage in a poetics of excess as a means of
rejecting the limitations and conventions of "female writing" that
the larger culture imposes on them. In resisting conventions for
feminine writing, these poets developed radical new poetries, yet
their work was typically criticized or dismissed as excessive.
Thus, Dickinson's form is classified as hysterical and her figures
tortured. Stein's works are called repetitive and nonsensical.
Plath's tone is accused of being at once virulent and confessional,
Cortez's poems violent and vulgar, Shange's work vengeful and
self-righteous. The publishing history of these poets demonstrates
both the opposition to such an aesthetic and the necessity for
it.
Karen Jackson Ford is a professor in the English department at
the University of Oregon.
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