Affirmative action. Discrimination positive. Reservations. Quotas.
Such policies aim to increase access to and equity within higher
education. How do different national and social contexts affect how
affirmative action policy is conceptualized, discussed, justified,
and designed? Scholars from Brazil, Bulgaria, China, France, India,
South Africa and the United States address this central question by
seeking to understand how unique national contexts shape
affirmative action for students in higher education around the
world. This unique volume includes both well established and
emerging policies from the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia.
These policies developed under a variety of political systems and
target a range of underrepresented groups, based on race,
ethnicity, gender, class, social background, or region. Accessible
and thought provoking case studies of affirmative action
demonstrate that such policies are expanding to different countries
and target populations. While some countries, such as India, have
affirmative action policies that predate those in the United
States, affirmative action is a recent development in countries
such as Brazil and France. Contemporary legal or political
pressures to move away from explicitly race-based policies in
several countries have complicated affirmative action and make this
assessment of international alternatives particularly timely. New
or newly modified policies target a variety of disadvantaged
groups, based on geography, class, or caste, in addition to race or
sex. International scholars in seven countries spanning five
continents offer insights into their own countries' experiences to
examine the implications of policy shifts from race toward other
categories of disadvantage, to consider best practices in student
admission policies, and to assess the future of affirmative action.
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