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Breadwinners and Citizens - Gender in the Making of the French Social Model (Paperback)
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Breadwinners and Citizens - Gender in the Making of the French Social Model (Paperback)
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Laura Levine Frader's synthesis of labor history and gender history
brings to the fore failures in realizing the French social model of
equality for all citizens. Challenging previous scholarship, she
argues that the male breadwinner ideal was stronger in France in
the interwar years than scholars have typically recognized, and
that it had negative consequences for women's claims to the full
benefits of citizenship. She describes how ideas about masculinity,
femininity, family, and work affected post-World War I
reconstruction, policies designed to address France's postwar
population deficit, and efforts to redefine citizenship in the
1920s and 1930s. She demonstrates that gender divisions and the
male breadwinner ideal were reaffirmed through the policies and
practices of labor, management, and government. The social model
that France implemented in the 1920s and 1930s incorporated
fundamental social inequalities.Frader's analysis moves between the
everyday lives of ordinary working women and men and the actions of
national policymakers, political parties, and political movements,
including feminists, pro-natalists, and trade unionists. In the
years following World War I, the many women and an increasing
number of immigrant men in the labor force competed for employment
and pay. Family policy was used not only to encourage reproduction
but also to regulate wages and the size of the workforce. Policies
to promote married women's and immigrants' departure from the labor
force were more common when jobs were scarce, as they were during
the Depression. Frader contends that gender and ethnicity exerted a
powerful and unacknowledged influence on French social policy
during the Depression era and for decades afterward.
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