This encyclopedia will be an essential resource for our times,
reflecting the fact that we currently are living in an expanding
data-driven world. Technological advancements and other related
trends are contributing to the production of an astoundingly large
and exponentially increasing collection of data and information,
referred to in popular vernacular as "Big Data." Social media and
crowdsourcing platforms and various applications "apps" are
producing reams of information from the instantaneous transactions
and input of millions and millions of people around the globe. The
Internet-of-Things (IoT), which is expected to comprise tens of
billions of objects by the end of this decade, is actively sensing
real-time intelligence on nearly every aspect of our lives and
environment. The Global Positioning System (GPS) and other
location-aware technologies are producing data that is specific
down to particular latitude and longitude coordinates and seconds
of the day. Large-scale instruments, such as the Large Hadron
Collider (LHC), are collecting massive amounts of data on our
planet and even distant corners of the visible universe.
Digitization is being used to convert large collections of
documents from print to digital format, giving rise to large
archives of unstructured data. Innovations in technology, in the
areas of Cloud and molecular computing, Artificial
Intelligence/Machine Learning, and Natural Language Processing
(NLP), to name only a few, also are greatly expanding our capacity
to store, manage, and process Big Data. In this context, the
Encyclopedia of Big Data is being offered in recognition of a world
that is rapidly moving from gigabytes to terabytes to petabytes and
beyond. While indeed large data sets have long been around and in
use in a variety of fields, the era of Big Data in which we now
live departs from the past in a number of key respects and with
this departure comes a fresh set of challenges and opportunities
that cut across and affect multiple sectors and disciplines, and
the public at large. With expanded analytical capacities at hand,
Big Data is now being used for scientific inquiry and
experimentation in nearly every (if not all) disciplines, from the
social sciences to the humanities to the natural sciences, and
more. Moreover, the use of Big Data has been well established
beyond the Ivory Tower. In today's economy, businesses simply
cannot be competitive without engaging Big Data in one way or
another in support of operations, management, planning, or simply
basic hiring decisions. In all levels of government, Big Data is
being used to engage citizens and to guide policy making in pursuit
of the interests of the public and society in general. Moreover,
the changing nature of Big Data also raises new issues and concerns
related to, for example, privacy, liability, security, access, and
even the veracity of the data itself. Given the complex issues
attending Big Data, there is a real need for a reference book that
covers the subject from a multi-disciplinary, cross-sectoral,
comprehensive, and international perspective. The Encyclopedia of
Big Data will address this need and will be the first of such
reference books to do so. Featuring some 500 entries, from "Access"
to "Zillow," the Encyclopedia will serve as a fundamental resource
for researchers and students, for decision makers and leaders, and
for business analysts and purveyors. Developed for those in
academia, industry, and government, and others with a general
interest in Big Data, the encyclopedia will be aimed especially at
those involved in its collection, analysis, and use. Ultimately,
the Encyclopedia of Big Data will provide a common platform and
language covering the breadth and depth of the topic for different
segments, sectors, and disciplines.
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