The problem of cosmic ray (CR) geomagnetic effects came to the fore
at the beg- ning of the 1930s after the famous expeditions by J.
Clay onboard ship (Slamat) between the Netherlands and Java using
an ionization chamber. Many CR la- tude expeditions were organized
by the famous scientists and Nobel Laureates R. Millikan and A.
Compton. From the obtained latitude curves it follows that CRs
cannot be gamma rays (as many scientists thought at that time), but
must be charged particles. From measurements of azimuthally
geomagnetic effect at that time it also followed that these charged
particles must be mostly positive (see Chapter 1, and for more
details on the history of the problem see monographs of Irina
Dorman, M1981, M1989). The ?rst explanations of obtained results
were based on the simple dipole - proximation of the geomagnetic
?eld and the theory of energetic charged particles moving in dipole
magnetic ?elds, developed in 1907 by C. Stormer ] to explain the
aurora phenomenon. Let us note that it was made about 5 years
before V. Hess discovered CRs, and received the Nobel Prize in 1936
together with K. Anderson (for the discovery of CR and positrons in
CR)."
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