It is pointed out that a cancer stem cell is a type within a
tumor that possesses the capacity of self-renewal and can give rise
to the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells, which comprise the
tumor. It is emphasized that a unique feature of cancer stem cells
is that, although conventional chemotherapy kills most cells in a
tumor, cancer stem cells remain intact. Vast applications of the
following specific stem cells in disease and tissue injury are
discussed: embryonic stem cells, human mesenchymal stem cells,
cancer stem cells, arterial stem cells, neural stem cells, cardiac
stem cells, dental stem cells, limbal stem cells, and hematopoietic
stem cells. Because human embryonic stem cells possess the
potential to produce unlimited quantities of any human cell type,
considerable focus is placed on their therapeutic potential in this
volume. These cells are used in tissue engineering, regenerative
medicine, pharmacological and toxicological studies, and
fundamental studies of cell differentiation. It is pointed out that
the formation of embryoid bodies, which are three-dimensional
aggregates of embryonic cells, is the initial step in the
differentiation of these cells. Therapeutic implications of
signalling pathways in cancer stem cells are pointed out. Targeting
self-renewal pathways in cancer stem cells are also included.
Application of mesenchymal stem cells for treating ischemic brain
injury is explained. Neural stem cells proliferation into the
surrounding area of the traumatic brain injury is explained.
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