Marcus Aurelius (121-180 CE), Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher,
born at Rome, received training under his guardian and uncle
emperor Antoninus Pius (reigned 138-161), who adopted him. He was
converted to Stoicism and henceforward studied and practised
philosophy and law. A gentle man, he lived in agreement and
collaboration with Antoninus Pius. He married Pius's daughter and
succeeded him as emperor in March 161, sharing some of the burdens
with Lucius Verus.
Marcus's reign soon saw fearful national disasters from flood,
earthquakes, epidemics, threatened revolt (in Britain), a Parthian
war, and pressure of barbarians north of the Alps. From 169 onwards
he had to struggle hard against the German Quadi, Marcomani,
Vandals, and others until success came in 174. In 175 (when
Faustina died) he pacified affairs in Asia after a revolt by
Avidius. War with Germans was renewed during which he caught some
disease and died by the Danube in March 180.
The famous "Meditations" of Marcus Aurelius (not his title; he
simply calls them 'The matters addressed to himself') represents
reflections written in periods of solitude during the emperor's
military campaigns. Originally intended for his private guidance
and self-admonition, the "Meditations" has endured as a potent
expression of Stoic belief. It is a central text for students of
Stoicism as well as a unique personal guide to the moral life.
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