A soldier obeys illegal orders, thinking them lawful. When
should we excuse his misconduct as based in reasonable error? How
can courts convincingly convict the soldier's superior officer
when, after Nuremberg, criminal orders are ex-pressed through winks
and nods, hints and insinuations? Can our notions of the soldier's
"due obedience," designed for the Roman legionnaire, be brought
into closer harmony with cur-rent understandings of military
conflict in the contemporary world? Mark J. Osiel answers these
questions in light of new learning about atrocity and combat
cohesion, as well as changes in warfare and the nature of military
conflict.
Sources of atrocity are far more varied than current law
as-sumes, and such variations display consistent patterns. The law
now generally requires that soldiers resolve all doubts about the
legality of a superior's order in favor of obedience. It ex-cuses
compliance with an illegal order unless the illegality--as with
flagrant atrocities--would be immediately obvious to any-one. But
these criteria are often in conflict and at odds with the law's
underlying principles and policies. Combat and peace op-erations
now depend more on tactical imagination, self-disci-pline, and
loyalty to immediate comrades than on immediate, unreflective
adherence to the letter of superiors' orders, backed by threat of
formal punishment. The objective of military law is to encourage
deliberative judgment. This can be done, Osiel sug-gests, in ways
that enhance the accountability of our military forces, in both
peace operations and more traditional conflicts, while maintaining
their effectiveness.
Osiel seeks to "civilianize" military law while building on
sol-diers' own internal ideals of professional virtuousness. He
re-turns to the ancient ideal of martial honor, reinterpreting it
in light of new conditions, arguing that it should be implemented
through realistic training in which legal counsel plays an
en-larged role rather than by threat of legal prosecution. Obeying
Orders thus offers a compelling answer to the question that has
most haunted the moral imagination of the late twentieth cen-tury:
the roots--and restraint--of mass atrocity in war.
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