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Can Animals Be Moral? (Hardcover)
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Can Animals Be Moral? (Hardcover)
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From eye-witness accounts of elephants apparently mourning the
death of family members to an experiment that showed that hungry
rhesus monkeys would not take food if doing so gave another monkey
an electric shock, there is much evidence of animals displaying
what seem to be moral feelings. But despite such suggestive
evidence, philosophers steadfastly deny that animals can act
morally, and for reasons that virtually everyone has found
convincing.
In Can Animals be Moral?, philosopher Mark Rowlands examines the
reasoning of philosophers and scientists on this question--ranging
from Aristotle and Kant to Hume and Darwin--and reveals that their
arguments fall far short of compelling. The basic argument against
moral behavior in animals is that humans have capabilities that
animals lack. We can reflect on our motivations, formulate abstract
principles that allow that allow us to judge right from wrong. For
an actor to be moral, he or she must be able scrutinize their
motivations and actions. No animal can do these things--no animal
is moral. Rowland naturally agrees that humans possess a moral
consciousness that no animal can rival, but he argues that it is
not necessary for an individual to have the ability to reflect on
his or her motives to be moral. Animals can't do all that we can
do, but they can act on the basis of some moral reasons--basic
moral reasons involving concern for others. And when they do this,
they are doing just what we do when we act on the basis of these
reasons: They are acting morally.
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