The geopolitical history of the Middle East in the twentieth
century, which falls into three relatively distinct phases, is best
understood when approached simultaneously from the global and the
regional perspectives. The imperialist phase, which began in the
nineteenth century and lasted until the end of World War II, was
followed by the cold war between the Soviet Union and the West that
continued to the beginning of the 1990s. The last phase, which
began with the demise of the Soviet Union, is still taking shape.
These stages may overlap and, in some instances, unfold
simultaneously, developments within the region being shaped and
constrained by extra-regional forces for extra-regional
purposes.
The sovereignty and independence of the states of the region has
been limited in varying degrees by the wishes, needs, interests,
and ambitions of the major powers. The geopolitical considerations
have varied over time, being very different in the period between
the world wars than in the period of intense East-West rivalry that
followed, with the present post-cold war era being radically
different from what preceded it. These changing geopolitical
realities constitute the framework for this examination of the
Middle East in the twentieth century, and the organizing principle
for the selection of materials from the truly vast amount of
information available. An important resource for scholars,
students, and researchers involved with Middle Eastern history and
international relations.
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