As the first decade of the twenty-first century has made
brutally clear, the very definitions of war and the enemy have
changed almost beyond recognition. Threats to security are now as
likely to come from armed propagandists, popular militias, or
mercenary organizations as they are from conventional armies backed
by nation-states. In this timely book, national security expert Max
G. Manwaring explores a little-understood actor on the stage of
irregular warfare--the gang.
Since the end of the Cold War, some one hundred insurgencies or
irregular wars have erupted throughout the world. Gangs have
figured prominently in more than half of those conflicts, yet these
and other nonstate actors have received little focused attention
from scholars or analysts. This book fills that void.
Employing a case study approach, and believing that shadows from
the past often portend the future, Manwaring begins with a careful
consideration of the writings of V. I. Lenin. He then scrutinizes
the Piqueteros in Argentina, gangs in Colombia, private armies in
Mexico, Hugo Chavez's use of popular militias in Venezuela, and the
looming threat of Al Qaeda in Western Europe.
As conventional warfare is increasingly eclipsed by these
irregular and "uncomfortable" wars, Manwaring boldly diagnoses the
problem and recommends solutions that policymakers should heed.
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