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Books > Humanities > Philosophy > Topics in philosophy > Philosophy of mind
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Knowing and Seeing - Groundwork for a new empiricism (Hardcover)
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Knowing and Seeing - Groundwork for a new empiricism (Hardcover)
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What is knowledge? What, if anything, can we know? In Knowing and
Seeing, Michael Ayers recovers the insight in the traditional
distinction between knowledge and belief, according to which
'knowledge' stems from direct and perspicuous cognitive contact
with ('seeing') its object, whereas 'belief' relies on 'extraneous'
justification. He conducts a careful phenomenological analysis of
what it is to perceive one's environment as one's environment, the
result of which is not only direct realism, but recognition that in
being perceptually aware of anything we are at the same time
perceptually aware of how we are aware of it. Perceptual knowing
comes with knowing how you know. Some other forms of knowledge are
similarly direct and perspicuous, but not all; a distinction is
accordingly drawn between primary and secondary knowledge, and
Ayers argues that no secondary knowledge is possible without some
primary knowledge. Perceptual knowledge supplies the paradigm to
which other cases of knowledge are diversely analogous - hence the
notorious difficulty of defining knowledge. These conclusions,
supported by a detailed examination of the relations between
different grammatical constructions in which 'know', 'believe' and
'see' occur, fuel extended critiques of two lines of thought
influential in contemporary epistemology: John McDowell's
conceptualist and intellectualist account of perceptual knowledge,
and Fred Dretske's 'externalist' employment of sceptical argument.
Ayers unpicks the arguments for these other views, explains the
failure of recent attempts at a comprehensive definition of
knowledge, explores the tight relation between knowledge and
certainty, and gives an account of how 'defeasibility' should and
should not be understood in epistemology.
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